1、1980年考研英语翻译:the life of albert einstein is a model in many ways for both natural and political scientists.first of all, he always employed the scientific method of seeking truth from facts. he firmly believed as he put it, that “there is nothing incomprehensible about the universe,” and through pain

2、staking work, explained many of the phenomena thought to be “incomprehensible” in his day. einstein was also never afraid to admit mistakes when facts proved his theories wrong.second, einsteins contributions showed the great importance of theoretical work to scientific

effort. although he himself r

3、arely worked in laboratories, the concepts he developed led to many of the scientific advances which have shaped modern technology.third, einstein believed very deeply that scientists must have a moral and social consciousness. in this way, he provided inspiration for a whole generation of scientist

4、s who became active in the communist movement.einstein is often portrayed in bourgeois writings as a “genius” whose theories are so complicated that no one but a few best scientists can understand them. but he himself rejected the efforts to put him in a position far above other people. he was well

5、known for his humble manner and often stressed to interviewers that his accomplishments would certainly have been achieved by others had he never lived.actually, einsteins theory of relativity and his other scientific works are not that hard to understand with a little study. but beyond learning ein

6、steins theories, his overall attitude towards science as a tool to liberate humanity is something from which everyone can and should learn.(2)between now and the end of the century, there will be many exciting developments and also many difficult problems to deal with. perhaps the most urgent proble

7、m is to provide enough food. the worlds population is expected to reach 7,000 million by the year 2000, but already scientists have produced new and better varieties of wheat and rice and animal. they have also been experimenting with techniques of cultivating plants by using mixtures of chemical co

8、mpounds and water only, and then there will be no need for ordinary soil. another problem which the world will face is to get rid of refuse (废料). one solution is to burn refuse at very high temperatures in incinerators (焚化炉). a development of this, which may prove very useful in the future, is to us

9、e these incinerators to generate steam power. in fact, any new source of energy will be very welcome, as there is already a shortage of petroleum. to solve the energy problem, scientists will probably also try to make more use of solar energy.the possible effects of some scientific fields, such as l

10、asers and cryogenics (低温学), are difficult to imagine and both already have a number of uses. the supercooling effects of the cryogenics which convert liquid helium (液态氦) and other gases into “superfluids” and metals into “superconductors”, making them non-resistant to electricity, could change the w

11、orld in a number of ways. the laser, with its beam of strong light, can drill a hole in a diamond, and yet can be so well controlled that it can be used in delicate eye operations. the question is whether it will be most used for peaceful purposes or as a deadly weapon.but perhaps the most remarkabl

12、e developments will occur in space flight. one of the difficulties in the past has been the high cost, but now the space shuttle is being developed, and can be used a large number of times instead of only once. already man has been to the moon. perhaps by the end of the century he will have had a cl

13、ose-up view of venus (金星) or mars (火星).阿伯特爱因斯坦的终身在许多方面，不管是对天然科学家，仍是政治科学家，都是一个典范。首要，他老是运用从实际中寻求真理的地。正如他所说的，他深信“关于世界没有东西是不可以知的，”并经过艰苦的劳作，了许多在他那个年代被认为是“不可以知”的种种表象。而且，当实际证明他的理论是差错的时分，爱因斯坦也从不惧怕招认差错。其次，爱因斯坦的奉献阐明理论工刁难科学作用的无量的重要性。尽管他自个很少在实验室作业，他所打开的各种概念使科学获得了许多发展，然后构成了现代技能。第三，爱因斯坦深信科学家有必要具 德和社领会识。这样，他煽动了整个一代的

14、科学家，使他们活泼参加共产主义运动。爱因斯坦在资产阶层的笔下被描绘为一个“天才”，他的理论是如此地难于了解，致使只需少量最超卓的科学家才干懂得。可是，他自己不附和别人把他高置于别人之上的那些做法。他的谦逊情绪是众所周知的，他常常对来访者偏重说，假定没有他的话，别人也必定可以获得他那样的作用。实际上，爱因斯坦的相对论以?钠渌蒲壑约友刑质遣荒衙鞯玫摹？墒浅搜鞍蛩固沟睦砺弁猓赜谑褂每蒲ё魑恢侄骼唇夥湃死嗟淖艿那樾魇敲孔愿隹梢匝暗模乙彩谴笤佳暗摹?2)从如今到本世纪末，将有许多令人振奋的打开，相同也有许多困难的疑问，需要加以处置。或许最为火急的疑问是供给满足的粮食。到2

15、000年世界人员预期将抵达70亿，可是科学家们现已培育出各种小麦、稻谷和家畜的优良品种。他们还在实验只用化合物和水的混合剂来拔擢作物的技能，到那里就可不需一般的土壤了。世界将面临着的另一疑问是处置废物。有一个处置办法就是在焚化炉顶用高温的废物烧掉。这种办法的一个新打开，可以在将来证明极为有用，就是以这些焚火炉来发生蒸汽动力。实际是，任何新的动力都将对错常受等待的，因为石油已感缺乏。要处置动力疑问，科学家们或许会高潮更多有利地势用太阳能。比方激光学和低温学，某些科学领域的可以作用是难以愿望的，它们两者现已有若干用处。低温学的过冷作用将液态氦及某些气体变成“超流体”，将某些金属变成“超导体”，使它们没

16、有电阻，然后可以在好些方面改动世界容颜。激光，以它激烈的光束，可在金刚石上钻孔，也可以极好地加以控制来进行难做的眼科手术。疑问是它将被许多用于平缓的意图呢，仍是用处致使的武器。但最惊人的打开或许将呈如今世界飞翔方面。曩昔的困难之一在于价值太高。但如今航天飞机正在打开，这种航天飞机可以运用多次而不是只是一次而已。人类现已到过月球。或许到本世纪末人类对金星或火星等将有一个精密的调查。1981年考研英语真题the united kingdom is a monarchical (君主政体的) state. it is one of the independent members of the com

17、monwealth (the queen is recognized as head of the commonwealth), and a member of the european community.the origins and traditions of the united kingdom are to be found in each of the four parts that make up the country: england, wales, scotland and northern ireland. england was united as a kingdom

18、a thousand years ago, and wales became part of the kingdom during the middle ages. the thrones (王位) of england and scotland were united in 1603, and in 1707 legislation passed in the two countries provided for the establishment of a single parliament of great britain with supreme authority both in e

19、ngland and wales and in scotland. ireland had had links with the kingdom of england since the thirteenth century, and in 1800 the creation of the united kingdom was completed by a union joining the irish parliament to that of great britain. in 1922 southern ireland (now the irish republic) became a

20、self-governing country. the six counties of northern ireland had in 1920 been given their own subordinate parliament, and voted to remain within the united kingdom.the united kingdom parliament at westminster in london with an elected chamber comprising members from english, scottish, welsh and nort

21、hern ireland constituencies (推举区) therefore represents people sharing very varied backgrounds and traditions. it has ultimate authority for government and law-making, but administrative arrangements have developed in such a way as to take account of the particular needs of different areas.england an

22、d wales on the one hand and scotland on the other have different systems of law, different court systems, different education systems, different systems of local government and, for most domestic matters, different government departments.(2)as more people live closer together, and as they use machin

23、es to produce leisure, they find that their leisure, and even their working hours, become spoilt by a by-product of their machines namely, noise. noise is nowadays in the news; it has acquired political status, and public opinion is demanding, more and more insistently, that something must be done a

24、bout it.to control noise is to demand much self-discipline (annoyance arises often from lack of common courtesy), a sense of proportion (there is usually a conflict of interest if a noise is to be stopped), the expenditure of money (and it is far more economical to do this early rather that late), a

25、nd finally, technical knowledge.technical difficulties often arise from the subjective-objective nature of the problem. you can define the excessive speed of a motor-car in terms of a pointer reading on a speedometer. but can you define excessive noise in the same way? you find that with any existin

26、g simple “noise-meter”, vehicles which are judged to be equally noisy may show considerable difference on the meter.though the ideal cure for noise is to stop it at its source, this may in many cases be impossible. the next remedy is to absorb it on its way to the ear.domestic noises may perhaps be

27、controlled by forethought and courtesy, and industrial noises by good planning and technical improvement. but if we are going to allow fast motor-cycles and heavy diesel lorries to pass continuously trough residential and business districts, the community must decide on the control it needs to exerc

28、ise, for in the long run it has got to pay for it. and if a nation is to take part in modern air transport, it must enter into international agreements on the noise control measures it will impose at its airports and here the cost of any real control is to be measured in millions of dollars.(3)about

29、 350 years ago galileo made a telescope and looked through it at the sun. what he saw both surprised and frightened him, for he saw dark spots on the sun which at once suggested to him that god had not made the world quite as perfect as he had previously believed. he hesitated to make his discovery

30、known. meanwhile other scientists noticed the same lack of solar perfection and proclaimed (宣告) the fact.but galileo continued his observations and was soon rewarded with another discovery. fixing his attention on a single sunspot (太阳黑子) group, he noticed that in a few days it had moved in position,

31、 just as if the sun itself were turning. afterwards he found a sunspot group which lived long enough to disappear from view on the western limb (边缘) of the sun, to re-appear on its eastern limb, and finally to regain its old position. this led him to conclude that the sun itself was rotating and tha

32、t the time it took to make one complete turn was about twenty-five to twenty-seven days. actually we know from the drawings which galileo made of sunspots that there must have been quite a lot of them at the time of his observations in the years 1611 and 1612. if he had gone on making his drawings i

33、n the years that immediately followed, we know that he would almost certainly have noticed that sunspots were becoming fewer and smaller. but he became interested in other things and so he failed to recognize that there is a kind of long-term cycle in sunspot activity, the sunspots increasing and de

34、creasing as the years go on. later this discovery of the sunspot activity was made by one of the most patient observers in the history of science, a german chemist, charles schwabe.联合王国是一个君主政体的国家。它是英联邦内独立的国家之一(女王被招认是英联邦的领袖)，也是欧洲一起体的成员国。联合王国的来历和传统可从构成它的四个有些英格兰、威尔士、苏格兰和北爱尔兰的各个有些找到。英格兰在一千年前共同为一个王国，威尔士则

35、于中世纪时变成这王国的一个构成有些。一六三年，英格兰与苏格兰的王位合而为一;一七七年两国经过立法，规则树立一个单一的、在英格兰和威尔士以及在苏格兰均享有最高权力的大不列颠国会。爱尔兰与英格兰王国自十三世纪起已有联络;一8年因为爱尔兰国会并入大不列颠国会，联合王国的创建便告结束。一九二二年，南爱尔兰(如今的爱尔兰共和国)变成一个自立的国家。北爱尔兰的六个郡已于一九二年被授权树立自个的、在联合王国国会之下的议会，并投票表决留在联合王国内。在伦敦威斯敏斯特的联合王国国会它有一个推举出来的、由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰各地选区所发生的议员构成的议院因而代表具有非常不一样的布景和传统的公民。它具有最

36、高的政府权力和立法权，但熟行政打点方面已作出了组织以照看不一样区域的特别需要。英格兰和威尔士以?崭窭剂秸吒饔胁灰谎姆钭荚颍灰谎姆ㄔ禾逑担灰谎慕逃荚颍灰谎牡钡卣荚颍疑栌胁灰谎恼糠掷创χ么笥行┑哪诓渴挛瘛?2)跟着更多的人住得更近，跟着他们运用各种机器而获得空闲，他们发现他们的空暇，甚至他们的作业时刻都遭到他们机器的一个副产品即噪音的严峻影响。如今新闻报导中常常谈论噪音;它已获得了政治方位，大众言辞也越来越坚持需求采纳必定办法来抵挡噪音。要控制噪音就得需求很大程度的自我捆绑(使人烦恼的事常常是因为短少一般的礼貌致使的)，一种均衡感(假定要阻止噪音，一般会致使好坏冲突)，化钱(

37、早化钱比晚化钱经济得多)，最终还有技能常识。技能一般是因为疑问的主客观性质致使的。你可以根据速度计上指针所指的读数来断定一辆轿车的超速。可是，你能用相同的办法来断定过量的噪音吗?你会发现，被认为噪音相同的车辆，在任何现有的简略“噪音计”上闪现的读数可以大纷歧样。尽管消除噪音的最抱负办法是发生的本源处消除它，但在许多情况下，这或许是不可以能的。其次的抵偿办法是将混音在它抵达耳朵的进程中吸收掉。家里的噪音或答应以经过事前的思考与推让加以控制，工业噪音则可以经过杰出的方案与技能的改进加以控制。可是，假定咱们答应高速摩托车与重型内燃机货车常常不断地经过住所区与商业区，那么这些区域的全体居民就有必要抉择他们

38、需要实施的控制办法，因为从长远的观念来看，他们有必要为些付出价值。假定一个国家要有现代化的空中运送，它有必要参加世界噪音控制办法协议，这些办法它有必要责成它的机场予以实施而在这个疑问上，任何真实控制办法的费用要以百万美元来核算。(3)大约在三百五十年前，伽利略制造了台望远镜，并用它来调查太阳。他所看到的表象使他感到既吃惊又惧怕，因为他看到太阳上有一些黑点，这使他马上联想到天主创造的世界并不象他早年所信赖的那么完满。他犹疑不决，不敢把他的发现发布于世。与此一起，其他的科学家也留心到太阳的这个缺陷，并宣告了这个实际。可是，伽利略持续进行观测，不久，他的尽力获得了另一发现。他把留心力会集在一群太阳黑子上，

39、他发现，在几天内，这群黑子的方位起了改变，宛如太阳本身在滚动。后来，他发现有一群黑子在太阳西部的边缘上停留了一段时刻才不见，然后在太阳的东部边缘上最终回恢复位。此种表象致使他得出这样的结论:太阳本身在旋转，旋转一周约需二十五到二十七天。直，咱们从伽利略所画的太阳黑子图中晓得，在一六逐个和一六一二年他调查太阳时刻，必定曾呈现过许多的太阳黑子。假定在随后的几年中，他持续把这些太阳黑子描画下来，咱们信赖，他大约必定会发现太阳黑子正在变得愈来愈少和愈来愈小。可是，那时分，他却对其他事物发生的快乐喜爱，因而，他看不到在太阳黑子的活动中存在着一种长时刻的周期，跟着年月的消逝，太阳黑子会时多时少。后来，发现太阳黑

40、子活动周期的是人是科学史上最有耐性的调查者之一德国化学家查尔斯许伟勃。1982年in country after country, talk of non-smokers right is in the air. while a majority of countries have taken little or no action yet, some 30 nations have introduced legislative steps to control smoking. many laws have been introduced in other countries to help

41、 clear the air for nonsmokers, or to cut cigarette consumption.in some developed countries the consumption of cigarettes has become more or less stabilized. however, in many developing nations, cigarette smoking is seen as a sign of economic progress and is even encouraged. as more tobacco companies

42、 go international, new markets are sought to gain new smokers in those countries. for example, great efforts are made by the american tobacco industry to sell cigarettes in the middle east and north africa where u.s. tobacco exports increased by more than 27 percent in 1974.smoking is harmful to the

43、 health of people. world governments should conduct serious campaigns against it. restrictions on cigarette advertisements, plus health warnings on packages and bans on public smoking in certain places such as theatres, cinemas and restaurants, are the most popular tools used by nations in support o

44、f nonsmokers or in curbing smoking. but world attention also is focusing on another step which will make the smoker increasingly self-conscious and uncomfortable about his habit. great efforts should be made to inform young people especially of the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit. and c

45、igarette price should be boosted.in the long run, there is no doubt that everybody would be much better-off if smoking were banned altogether, but people are not ready for such drastic action.(2)nuclear powers danger to health, safety, and even life itself can be summed up in one word: radiation.nuc

46、lear radiation has a certain mystery about it, partly because it cannot be detected by human senses. it cant be seen or heard, or touched or tasted, even though it may be all around us. there are other things like that. for example, radio waves are all around us but we cant detect them, sense them,

47、without a radio receiver. similarly, we cant sense radioactivity without a radiation detector. but unlike common radio waves, nuclear radiation is not harmless to human beings and other living things.at very high levels, radiation can kill an animal or human being outright by killing masses of cells

48、 in vital organs. but even the lowest levels can do serious damage. there is no level of radiation that is completely safe. if the radiation does not hit anything important, the damage many not be significant. this is the case when only a few cells are hit, and if they are killed outright. your body

49、 will replace the dead cells with healthy ones. but if the few cells are only damaged, and if they reproduce themselves, you may be in a deformed way. they can grow into cancer. sometimes this does not show up for many years.this is another reason for some of the mystery about nuclear radiation. ser

50、ious damage can be done without the victim being aware at the time that damage has occurred. a person can be irradiated and feel fine, then die of cancer five, ten, or twenty years later as a result. or a child can be born weak or liable to serious illness as a result of radiation absorbed by its gr

51、andparents.radiation can hurt us. we must know the truth.(1)不吸烟者的权力疑问，正在一个又一个国家里初步谈论。至今大都国家很少或还没有采纳办法，有三十个支配的国家现已采纳法令程序控制吸烟。另一些国家则已拟定旨在为不吸烟者净化空气或消减纸烟火费量的多种法令。在某些兴隆国家中。纸烟的花费量已渐趋平稳。可是在许多打开我国家里，吸烟却被视为经济打开的一种标志甚至遭到鼓舞。跟着更多的烟草公司走上世界化的路途，它们在这些国家中寻找新的商场，争夺更多的吸烟者。例如美国烟草工业就力求在中东和北非推销卷烟在这些区域，美国烟草出口量在1974年添加了百分

52、之二十七以上。吸烟对公民安康有害。世界各国政府大约打开细心的对立吸烟运动。捆绑卷烟广告，每包卷烟上加印有害安康的警告，以及阻止在比方影剧院和饭馆等某些公共场所吸烟，这些都是许多国家用以撑持不吸烟者和控制吸烟最常用的办法。一起，我们也正把留心力会集在另一项办法上。这项办法将使吸烟者越来越知道到自个的不良习气并为此感邓祷安。大约作出无量尽力告诉青年人抽烟的损害性，特别是养成抽烟习气的可怕成果。而且卷烟价格应予前进。从长远观念看，毫无疑问，假定能完全阻止吸烟，那么每自个的境况将得到很大的改进。但关于采纳这种极点办法，我们尚无预备。(2)核能对安康、平安甚至对生命本身构成的风险可以用一个词来归纳:辐射

53、。核辐射这种表象多稀有点奇妙，其有些缘由是人类的官能无法察觉到它的存在。尽管咱们周围可以都是辐射线，可是咱们看不风它，听不到它， 摸不着它，也区分不出它的味道。还有一些和它相类似的东西。例如，咱们邻近处处都是无线电波，但假定没有无线电接收器，咱们就不能勘探到或感遭到它的存在。相同，假定不必辐射勘探器，咱们也不能感遭到放射表象。但核辐射不一样于一般的无线电波，它对人类以及其他生物不是无害的。能级非常高的辐射线能摧毁重要器官里的许多细胞然后把动物或人当即杀死。即就是最低能级的辐射线也能构成严峻的损害。不存在任何须定平安的辐射能级。假定辐射线没有击中任何重要的东西，构成的损害可以不太大。当辐射线只击中

54、少量细胞而且当即摧毁它们的时分，情况就是这样。你的身体能以安康的细胞替代去世的细胞。但假定这些少量的细胞只遭到损坏，而这些细胞又自行繁衍，那你就会遇到费事。它们进行变形繁衍。它们有可以演化成癌，这种情况有时在许多年之后才干闪现出来。这是核辐射表象带有某些奇妙颜色的另一个缘由。它可以在损害现已发生而受害者知道不到的情况下构成严峻损害。一自个在遭到照耀时可以感触杰出，成果在五年、十年或二十年后死于癌症。或许成人终身下来就体弱或易于感染严峻的疾病，缘由是他的祖父母曾吸收过辐射线。辐射线能损伤咱们。咱们大约晓得底细。1983年read the following passage carefully a

55、nd then translate the sentences underlined into chinese. (20 points)people have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. it is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.social scientist

56、s are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions. (61) they want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. there are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. as one might expect, the two approache

57、s are very different from each other. the controversy is often conveniently referred to as “nature vs. nurture.”(62) those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. (63) that our environment has li

58、ttle, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is pre-determined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.those who support the “nurture” theory, th

59、at is, they advocate education, are often called behaviorists. they claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. a behaviorist, b. f. skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings.

60、 (64) the behaviorists maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic, intelligence, offered by the two theories. (65) supporters of the “nature” theory insist that we are b

61、orn with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined. needless to say: they dont believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic. on the other hand, behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of

62、our experiences. (66) behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.the social and political implications of these two theories are profound

63、. (67) in the united states, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. this leads some “nature” proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites. (68) behaviorists, in contrast, say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often d

64、eprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior.61. 他们想要阐明，为啥咱们具有某些性格特征和体现出某些行为。62. 在这场争论中，撑持“天资”一方的那些人认为，咱们的性格特征和行为方法大多是由生物要素所抉择的。63. 这种理论的中心是，咱们的环境同咱们的才干、性格特征和行为即便有啥联络的话，也是微缺乏

65、道的。64. 行为主义者深信，人象机器相同，对环境的影响作出反应，这是他们行为的基础。65. 撑持“天资”论的人坚持说，咱们生来就具有必定的学习才干，这是由生物要素抉择的。66. 行为主义者的观点是，假定一个儿童在有许多影响物的环境里生长，而这些影响物可以打开其作出恰当反应的才能，那么，这个儿童将会有更高的智力打开。67. 在美国，黑人在标准化智力查验中的成果常常低于白人。68. 相反，行为主义者认为，成果的差异是因为黑人一般被掠夺了白人在教育及其它环境方面所享有的许多有利条件。1991年read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into chinese. (15 points)the fact is that the energy crisis, which has suddenly been officially announced